Effect of surface flattening and phototherapy on shear bond strength immediately after bleaching with different modes of universal adhesive.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare to effect of phototherapy and surface flattening after immediately bleaching on the shear bond strength to bleached enamel. METHODS: Ninety-six human upper incisors were divided into 4 groups (n = 24). Group NB: no bleached, group P: phototherapy with YSGG laser, group F: 0.5 mm surface flattening, group PF: 0.5 mm surface flattening and phototherapy with Er;Cr:YSGG laser. Then, each group was assigned to 2 subgroups according to adhesive mode (n = 12) as; subgroup S (self-etching mode), subgroup T (total-etching mode) which are universal adhesives. All surface conditionings and restorations were performed with composite resin materials immediately after bleaching. Shear bond strength test was performed by using universal testing machine. The surfaces were also evaluated with SEM. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA post-hoc Tukey tests. RESULTS: The lowest SBS values were achieved in FS (13.72 ± 2.29) while the highest ones in PT (28.01 ± 6.81). However, the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). All surface conditioning methods provided SBS values similar to the control (P > 0.05). All subgroups of self-etching mode were significantly lower than their total-etching counterparts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that surface removal and phototherapy have a potential clinical application for eliminate to undesirable effect of bleaching treatment. Surface conditioning with either flattening and/or phototherapy may provide clinicians to restore bleached teeth at the same visit with bleaching and reduce chair-time.

Emergency contraception: knowledge, attitudes and practice of the pharmacy staff in Aydin, Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to emergency contraception (EC) among pharmacy staff. METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional survey was conducted among 143 pharmacy staff in Aydin city centre who agreed to participate. Data was collected thorough questionnaires that were filled in by face to face interviews between April and June 2007. RESULTS: Remarkably most of the participants (n = 110) did not know the action mechanism of these pills. Forty-four participants reported that these drugs caused mostly hormonal side-effects. Only four participants knew all indications of EC pills. According to 72 participants, contraceptive pills should not be available without a prescription. The number of pharmacy staff who reported giving counseling to clients about family planning methods was low (n = 12). CONCLUSIONS: The current study revealed that pharmacy staff in the region had inadequate knowledge on EC. Pharmacy staff may play a crucial role in women's access to EC, and there is a need for new interventions to improve and update their knowledge on, and to improve their attitudes toward EC methods.